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system design

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LLM-as-a-judge: how to evaluate AI without fooling yourself

LLM-as-a-judge from first principles — when to use it, how to design rubrics, the three biases that skew scores, and when to use something simpler.

How columnar storage actually works (and why ClickHouse is fast)

Why ClickHouse queries billions of rows in milliseconds — columnar storage, compression, and the MergeTree engine explained from first principles.